Metadata

Draft

The CBOR sidecar is the canonical, plaintext-local-only metadata record for every asset (see Filesystem — Client). It is self-describing: field 0 carries the schema version so any reader can detect a schema it does not implement before parsing the rest. Versioning the schema in-band is what prevents a faulty or old client from corrupting state with a partial parse.

This doc is the single source of truth for the CBOR sidecar schema. The schema below — every field, type, and ordering rule — is the contract every implementation must conform to byte-for-byte (else cross-peer signatures break). Per the SSoT rule, other docs reference fields here by name and never re-declare them.

Rawshift owns media metadata extraction and normalization. capsule-core::metadata maps those outputs into Capsule fields and owns filtering and querying, while capsule-core::sidecar owns encoding, signing, and schema versioning. Capsule calls Chromahash 0.7.1 directly; that boundary is deliberately separate from Rawshift. Shared Rust contracts are exposed to native clients through capsule-core FFI while platform I/O stays native.

Sidecar Schema v1

SidecarV1 {
  sidecar_schema:        u16,             // FIELD 0 — readable before parsing the rest. Currently 1.
  crypto_suite_id:       u16,             // matches the asset's manifest; see Cryptography
  uuid:                  UUIDv7,
  hash:                  bytes,           // canonical plaintext digest; algorithm + length fixed by crypto_suite_id (see Primitives)
  capture_timestamp:     RFC3339,
  import_timestamp:      RFC3339,
  content_type:          String,          // closed enum per protocol_version
  dimensions:            Option<{ width: u32, height: u32 }>,

  // display placeholder — image-derived, lives inside this encrypted sidecar (see Thumbnails — LQIP)
  lqip:                  Option<{ chromahash: bytes, format_version: u16, dominant_color: [u8; 3] }>,

  // collaborative metadata (see Collaborative Metadata below)
  tags_user:             OR_set<(tag: String, add_id)>,
  tags_ai:               OR_set<(tag: String, add_id, model_id: String, model_version: String)>,
  caption_lww:           Option<{ value: String, ts: RFC3339, by: device_id }>,  // value bounded ≤ 4096 bytes
  superseded_captions:   Vec<{ value: String, written_by: device_id, ts: RFC3339 }>,  // bounded ≤ 16
  rating_lww:            Option<{ value: u8, ts: RFC3339, by: device_id }>,

  // organization — stack grouping; StackMembership shape owned by Asset Organization.
  // An LWW register over Option<StackMembership> (leave = a stamped None), wire-absent
  // when never written, so stack edits converge like caption/rating.
  stack_membership:      Lww<Option<StackMembership>>,

  // organization — culling + visibility (semantics owned by Asset Organization).
  // LWW registers, wire-absent when never written (never-flagged / visible).
  cull:                  Lww<CullFlag>,               // pick | neutral | reject
  hidden:                Lww<bool>,

  // identifiers (see Identifiers below; privacy-on-export rules apply)
  camera_id:             Option<{ model: String, serial: String }>,
  device_id:             UUIDv4,
  session_id:            UUIDv7,

  // geolocation (see Geolocation below)
  gps:                   Option<{ lat: f64, lon: f64, source: GpsSource,
                                  datum: GpsDatum /* wire-absent ⇒ wgs84 */ }>,

  // provenance binding — the PRIOR chain head; see Provenance Binding and Sealing Order below
  provenance_chain_hash: Option<[u8; 32]>, // hash of the provenance record PRECEDING the write that seals this
                                           //   sidecar — always equal to that write's manifest
                                           //   prior_provenance_hash; absent only on the initial create

  // forward-compat
  _unknown:              Map,             // unknown CBOR keys preserved verbatim, never executed

  // signature
  signature:             Hybrid(Ed25519, ML-DSA-65),  // covers every byte above, including _unknown
}

Schema Versioning Rules

sidecar_schema is CBOR field 0 by deterministic key order (RFC 8949 §4.2). A reader can determine the schema before allocating a parser for the rest.
A client whose max_known_sidecar_schema < this.sidecar_schema refuses to write to that sidecar. Reading is allowed only in read-only mode if explicitly opted-in. This is the refuse-by-default rule from the threat model — an old client cannot strip-and-resign a newer sidecar.
The signature covers every byte including _unknown, so stripping unknown fields invalidates the signature and is detectable.
A schema bump is a coordinated change; per Versioning — Album Protocol Version Pinning, an album’s pinned protocol version constrains which sidecar schemas may be written into it.

Closed Enum Value Sets

Three sidecar fields are closed enums whose authoritative value sets live here (the blanket closed-enum rule is Threat Model — Schema Rules; the code mirror is a closed Rust enum in capsule-core::domain, and adding a value requires a new, later-dated protocol_version):

content_type — MIME syntax, exactly one canonical value per format (never an alias like image/jpg). The v1 set:
- images: image/jpeg, image/png, image/webp, image/gif, image/tiff, image/heic, image/avif, image/jxl, image/x-adobe-dng
- video: video/mp4, video/quicktime, video/x-matroska, video/webm
gps.source (GpsSource) — exif (written by the capturing device), manual (set by the user), inferred (client-derived, e.g. from a paired device’s location or an ML suggestion). An inferred value is written to the canonical gps field only on explicit user confirmation — the same promotion rule as tags_ai → tags_user, so an automated guess can never silently overwrite capture truth.
gps.datum (GpsDatum) — wgs84 | gcj02. The coordinate is stored verbatim in the datum the source supplied, never converted at rest: GCJ-02 → WGS-84 has no exact inverse, so converting on input would destroy the user’s ground truth (the raw-input-is-truth principle). BD-09 is never a storable datum — BD-09 input is folded to GCJ-02 at the input edge and stored as datum = gcj02. The fold uses the error-bounded iterative inverse of the forward transform (refined BD-09 → GCJ-02, sub-meter bound, implemented in-house in capsule-core::domain::gps_datum — no crate is adopted): only the forward GCJ-02 → BD-09 direction is closed-form, and a sub-meter bound is far below consumer-GPS noise, so the bounded inverse is accepted rather than refusing BD-09 input (decision 2026-07-12, amending the earlier “closed-form and exact” claim). The field is wire-absent when wgs84, so every existing sidecar and known-answer vector stays byte-identical; it is an additive optional key within sidecar schema v1 (older v1 readers preserve-and-ignore it per the request-side Postel rule, no sidecar_schema bump — if the implementing slice finds the nested gps decoder strict rather than tolerant, its documented fallback is a schema bump). The value set is closed: a third datum requires a new protocol_version. gps is a single atomic value under CRDT merge — datum travels with lat/lon in one write, so no merge rule changes.

Canonical CBOR Encoding

The sidecar — and the encrypted metadata blob whose plaintext is this same CBOR document — must serialize byte-identically across every implementation and language: the bytes are what the signed manifest and content hash commit to, so one divergent byte makes an honest sidecar look forged to another platform or federated peer. The canonical rules are RFC 8949 §4.2 deterministic encoding, normative here:

Definite-length encoding only — no indefinite-length maps, arrays, text strings, or byte strings.
Shortest-form integers — the smallest of the 1/2/4/8-byte encodings that represents the value.
Map keys sorted by the bytewise lexicographic order of their encoded form, with no duplicate keys. This ordering governs every map, including _unknown — unknown keys are re-sorted into the same canonical order on write, so a round-trip through any conformant client is byte-stable and the signature (which covers _unknown) still verifies.
Floats in the shortest IEEE-754 form (16/32/64-bit) that round-trips the value exactly; the canonical quiet NaN for NaN. Capsule avoids floats in signed structures where an integer or string suffices.
Field 0 (sidecar_schema) sorts first under the rule above, so a reader reads the schema version before parsing the rest.

Every implementation — the Rust capsule-core::sidecar encoder and any FFI consumer — MUST emit identical bytes for the same document, enforced as a blocking cross-language conformance gate against shared known-answer vectors committed in capsule-core::sidecar (the same fixtures Encryption tests against): a consumer that drifts cannot ship, because its signatures would not verify across peers.

Local and Server Metadata Equivalence

The plaintext of the server’s encrypted metadata blob is this signed SidecarV1 — the same canonical CBOR document the client stores at media/{uuid}.cbor. Two facts bind the local copy to what the server exposes, so the two can never silently diverge:

The asset’s signed manifest commits to metadata_blob_hash, the content address of the current encrypted metadata blob, on every create, replace, and metadata-update. Both manifest signatures cover it, so the metadata bytes the server holds and exposes are signature-bound to the asset.
The sidecar carries its own hybrid signature over every byte (including _unknown). A client that decrypts the metadata blob recomputes this canonical CBOR and MUST find it byte-identical to the locally-stored signed sidecar, and the blob’s content hash MUST equal the manifest’s metadata_blob_hash.

A client therefore never persists a sidecar that does not round-trip to the committed metadata_blob_hash, and a server can expose only the exact metadata bytes the originating client encrypted. The matching client-side check is a client-side validation invariant; the no-key server enforces the blob-hash match structurally as invariant 25.

Provenance Binding and Sealing Order

provenance_chain_hash binds the sidecar to a specific point in the asset’s provenance chain. It references the prior chain head — the record preceding the write that seals this sidecar — never “the latest record”: the latest record is the write being produced, and its manifest commits to metadata_blob_hash, so a sidecar referencing it would have to contain a hash of a structure that contains a hash of the sidecar itself. Referencing the prior head keeps the binding well-founded, and makes the sidecar and manifest mutually checkable: sidecar.provenance_chain_hash MUST equal the sealing manifest’s prior_provenance_hash (both absent exactly on create), a divergence being quarantined like any round-trip failure.

The sealing order every writer follows:

Fix the prior head H — the current chain head for this asset (None on create).
Author and sign the sidecar with provenance_chain_hash = H.
Seal the sidecar into the metadata blob; compute its content hash.
Build and sign the manifest with prior_provenance_hash = H and metadata_blob_hash from step 3; append it as the new chain head.

Add-id Binding

add_id is the tuple (device_id: UUIDv4, monotonic_counter: u64), where monotonic_counter is incremented per-device per-(asset, OR-set) pair. Every OR-set add carries an add_id; every OR-set remove targets a specific add_id. A remove that names an add_id the receiver has never observed an add for is rejected, not silently no-op — preventing the “remove an element you never added” attack noted in the Threat Model.

Counter durability across restarts. A monotonic_counter must never repeat for a given (device_id, asset, OR-set): a reused add_id would alias two distinct adds, so removing one would silently delete the other and break OR-set convergence. The counter is persisted in the local index, and on client restart or reinstall it is reseeded to one past the maximum add_id.counter this device has ever issued, recovered from the signed sidecars themselves (a device’s own past add_ids are durably recorded in the sidecars it wrote). An add lost to a crash before its sidecar was persisted was never observed by any peer, so its counter may be safely reused — correctness depends only on never reusing a counter that ever reached a written sidecar. A counter is reset to zero only when the device can prove it has issued nothing — i.e. no sidecar bears its device_id. This makes the counter monotonic over the lifetime of a device_id, not merely within one process.

When the device’s own sidecars are not held locally (a metadata-only sync scope, or local loss repaired from the server), the reseed source is the same sidecars fetched back from the server — the durable record is the signed sidecar wherever it is held, so the rule is unchanged. And in practice a reinstalled device re-enrolls with a new device_id (device keys are hardware-bound and non-exportable, so the old identity cannot be resumed), which is why the reset-to-zero case is safe: it applies only to genuinely fresh device identities.

Identifiers

One canonical asset identity. The sidecar’s uuid, the manifest’s file_id, the provenance chain’s and server index’s asset_id, and the metadata-key-salt’s blob_id are the same UUIDv7, minted once at import and never re-minted for the asset’s lifetime. The per-schema names survive for local readability only; they never diverge, and every equality between them may be assumed (and is asserted) by validators. UUID versions across the system: the asset id, session_id, stack_id, and import_id are UUIDv7 (time-ordered); device_id is UUIDv4 (unordered — a device id must not leak creation ordering).

The three identifying fields defined inside the sidecar schema are subject to the Privacy on Export rules below when an asset crosses a trust boundary.

Camera identifier (camera_id). Model ID of the device plus a unique identifier for the specific device (e.g. serial number). Useful for grouping shots from the same physical camera across libraries.
Device identifier (device_id). UUIDv4 generated on the original importing device. Useful for provenance.
Session ID (session_id). Identifies the authenticated session in which the asset was imported. Defined in Session Management.

Privacy on Export

The identifiers above and several other metadata fields are fingerprinting surface if they leave the user’s trust boundary unredacted: a camera serial uniquely links every photo to one physical device, and precise GPS reveals home addresses. When an asset crosses a boundary, Capsule strips these fields by default and only includes them on explicit opt-in.

A boundary crossing is any of:

A share link is generated for a non-member of the album.
An external backup is exported to media the user will hand off (e.g. cloud storage shared with someone else, a physical drive given to a friend).
A federated peer outside the owning user’s home server fetches the asset (see Federation).

When the boundary is crossed, the following fields are stripped from the exported metadata blob unless the user has explicitly opted in to retain them:

Field	Default on export	Opt-in retains
Camera serial number	Stripped	Full value
Device identifier (UUIDv4)	Stripped	Full value
Session ID	Stripped	Full value
GPS coordinates	Rounded to 2 decimal places (≈1 km)	Full precision
Personal contact tags (faces matched to a known person)	Stripped	Retained

Stripping happens at the moment of export — the encrypted sidecar inside the user’s library is untouched, so the user does not lose the data locally. Retention opt-in is per-export, not a sticky account setting, to prevent foot-guns where a user opts in once and forgets.

Capsule’s own devices syncing the same user’s library do not trigger this redaction — that is intra-trust, not a boundary crossing.

Status note. The strip table is implemented in capsule_core::metadata::export_policy and applied client-side, at the moment a share link is issued — which is the only place it can be applied, since the server holds no key to the metadata a share serves. The server’s complementary guarantee is containment: a share link serves only the content addresses its own record enumerates, so a stripped share cannot be walked sideways into the unstripped blob (slices S-C4, S-C50). Together these are the one export surface v1 ships, mandatory and with no opt-out. The external-backup handoff crossing waits on a client file-export command, which is post-v1; federated peers receive ciphertext, so their strip applies when a share boundary is crossed, not on the pull itself.

Collaborative Metadata

User-editable metadata on a shared album — tags, captions, ratings — can be edited concurrently on different devices, including offline. To make these merges deterministic, such fields are modelled as CRDTs:

Tags: an OR-set (observed-remove set) with explicit add_id binding, so a tag added on one device and removed on another converge predictably, and a remove that targets an unknown add_id is rejected rather than treated as a no-op.
Single-value fields (caption_lww, rating_lww, stack_membership, cull, hidden): last-writer-wins registers keyed by a signed timestamp and the writing device_id as the lexicographic tiebreaker. stack_membership’s value domain includes “no membership” (a stamped None), so joining, moving between, and leaving stacks are all the same LWW write and converge identically.

Surfacing Concurrent Edits

A plain LWW register loses one side of a tied edit silently — a real problem when two people caption the same photo from different devices within seconds. Capsule keeps the most recent value as authoritative and preserves the displaced ones:

The losing value of every concurrent caption edit lands in superseded_captions, capped at 16 entries (oldest evicted). Each entry carries who wrote it and when, so the UI can surface a “this caption replaced another” hint and let the user restore the earlier value.
Ratings are unambiguous numerically; they do not need a superseded log.

This converts a silent-data-loss damage vector (a buggy client clobbering another device’s edit) into an explicit, recoverable surface. See Threat Model — Forbidden Client Behaviors for the corresponding rule that clients must never strip superseded_captions.

How Operations Travel

We encrypt the operations, not the resulting state. Merges are then commutative and associative, so order of arrival does not matter and a peer replaying a stale operation cannot corrupt current state. The operation log reconciles into the canonical CBOR sidecar, which remains the source of truth (see Core Principles — recovery-first). Operations name known fields only — an operation targeting a field the receiver does not know is from a newer schema and is version-gated like any forward sidecar — so reconciliation rewrites only the CRDT fields it understands and re-emits _unknown verbatim from the stored sidecar bytes; the byte-fidelity of unknown fields survives the op path exactly as it survives a whole-sidecar rewrite.

Each operation carries the same prior_provenance_hash chain link as any lifecycle action, so a metadata-update is provenance-tracked exactly like a create or delete.

The same encrypted-operation path also carries each album’s album-group assertion (schema owned by Federation) and the per-owner library-settings document — smart-album definitions (predicate + display name) and similar client-authored organizational state — synced and merged across devices like any other collaborative metadata, and never legible to the server. Its concrete schema is The Library-Settings Document below. (The default-album designation is separate: a non-secret server-side owner pointer, not part of this encrypted document.)

The Library-Settings Document

Status: designed, implementation deferred post-v1 (with the OGK cluster it is keyed under — decision 2026-07-12). The schema below is normative as written; the Validation bullets are the future implementation slice’s acceptance contract.

The per-owner state the operation path carries above is one concrete, versioned CBOR document — the library-settings document. This doc owns its envelope, versioning, keying, and merge discipline; the schema of each section it carries is owned by the domain that owns that surface, linked below and never restated here.

Logical shape. The reconciled document is:

LibrarySettingsV1 {
  settings_schema:          u16,  // FIELD 0 — readable before parsing the rest. Currently 1.
  smart_albums:             Map<UUIDv7,     Lww<Option<SmartAlbumDefinition>>>,  // schema owned by Organization
  scope_overrides:          Map<scope_id,   Lww<Option<album_id>>>,             // rows + grammar owned by Organization — Scope Grammar
  source_kind_defaults:     Map<SourceKind, Lww<Option<album_id>>>,             // per-source-kind default rows (Organization — Scope Grammar)
  aggregated_album_covers:  Map<group_id,   Lww<Option<asset_id>>>,             // per-viewer cover; semantics owned by Federation
  _unknown:                 Map,   // unknown CBOR keys preserved verbatim, never executed
}

Every section is a keyed map of LWW registers over Option<value>: a value sets the entry, a stamped None is a tombstone (deleting a smart album, clearing a scope mapping, resetting a cover to its fallback), so every mutation is one LWW write and converges exactly like stack_membership. Unlike a sidecar the document carries no signature field of its own — it is not content-addressed by a manifest; each mutation is instead a signed operation on the operation path (below), and the reconciled document is the local source of truth those operations rebuild.

smart_albums — each value is a SmartAlbumDefinition (predicate + display name); the closed predicate grammar and its predicate_schema versioning are owned by Organization.
scope_overrides / source_kind_defaults — the scope_id → album_id and per-SourceKind default rows whose grammar and resolution order are owned by Organization — Scope Grammar. This document is only their transport and storage.
aggregated_album_covers — a per-viewer group_id → asset_id choice for an aggregated album; None/absent falls back to the newest constituent asset. Deliberately per-viewer, never shared state — the rendering semantics are owned by Federation.

Keying (per-owner, not per-album). The document is readable by all of the owner’s devices and owner-set members and by no album co-member, so it is keyed under the Owner Group Key — not an AMK. Its logical identity settings_doc_id is derived from the account master key under a dedicated info label — an identifier, not a key, the same discipline as the default album’s id — so any enrolled device recomputes it from the master key alone, even after recovery. Operations are sealed with the standalone-AEAD metadata-blob wire format, with two substitutions this doc pins: the key is HKDF-SHA512(ikm = OGK_v{n}, salt = settings_doc_id || nonce, info = "library-settings/v1", length = 32), and a server-visible ogk_version (big-endian u32) precedes the nonce to select the OGK epoch — the OGK analogue of a manifest’s amk_version. The fresh per-operation nonce folded into the salt re-rolls both key and nonce on every write (a reused nonce is refused), exactly as for a metadata rewrite. A member removed from the owner set derives no future OGK epoch and is dropped from future reads/writes by OGK revocation; a rewrite always uses the current epoch and is never re-encrypted on an epoch bump alone.

Encoding & versioning. The plaintext is canonical CBOR — the same byte-exact ruleset as the sidecar, so settings_schema sorts first as CBOR field 0 and _unknown keys re-sort into canonical order and survive round-trips. Versioning mirrors the sidecar rules:

A client whose max_known_settings_schema < settings_schema refuses to write the document (refuse-by-default); reading is allowed only in explicitly opted-in read-only mode. An old client cannot strip-and-rewrite a newer document.
Section value schemas version independently and forward-compatibly: a SmartAlbumDefinition carries its own predicate_schema (owned by Organization). A definition whose predicate_schema exceeds the reader’s maximum is preserved verbatim and never evaluated — surfaced as “created by a newer app version,” never stripped — so it survives sync round-trips intact (the never-strip rule). Unknown top-level keys land in _unknown under the same rule.

How it travels & merges. The document rides the operation path: each mutation is a device-signed, OGK-sealed operation naming (section, key, stamped value) and carrying the prior_provenance_hash chain link, so a settings edit is provenance-tracked like a metadata-update. Merge is field-wise — each section map merges its entries independently as LWW registers keyed by (ts, device_id), with no cross-field invariants, so any arrival order converges (the grouping-convergence requirement). The server stores only ciphertext plus the server-visible ogk_version and never learns any section’s meaning.

Grouping Convergence (Requirement)

Every grouping operation — manual or automatic/AI — is idempotent and order-independent. Applying the same operation twice, or applying a set of operations in any arrival order, yields the same state. This is a requirement satisfied by construction, not by convention; each grouping structure names its mechanism:

Structure	Mechanism	Why it converges
Tags (`tags_user` / `tags_ai`)	OR-set	Add/remove keyed by `add_id`; merges commutative, associative, idempotent
Caption / rating / `stack_membership` / `cull` / `hidden`	LWW register	Total order on `(ts, device_id)`; replay of any op is a no-op
Smart albums, people clusters, aggregated federated albums	Computed views	Nothing stored — membership is a deterministic function of inputs; recomputation is idempotent by definition (views, AI determinism)
Container-album membership	Single home + ordered lifecycle ops	Exactly one container per asset; a move is a signed lifecycle action whose replay finds the target state already in place and no-ops (Organization); concurrency is resolved by MLS commit order, below

Album membership is deliberately not a CRDT here — it is driven by MLS proposals and commits (see Cryptography — MLS), which already resolve concurrent changes into one total order.

This LWW/OR-set approach is intentionally simpler than a full event-graph with state resolution: photo metadata does not need it, and the extra machinery would not be functionally justified.

Tag Provenance and Namespacing

User tags and AI-suggested tags live in structurally separate OR-sets (tags_user and tags_ai in the sidecar schema). The separation is structural, not policy:

An AI tag can never overwrite a user tag and vice versa — they are different fields, so the question does not arise. A hallucinating model cannot pollute user intent.
Every tags_ai entry carries model_id and model_version (see AI — Embedding Provenance). When the canonical model for that slot changes, AI tags from the old model are flagged as stale; cross-model semantic comparison is forbidden (see Threat Model — Client-Side Validation Invariants).
A user can promote an AI tag — explicit user action copies the entry to tags_user (with a fresh user-scoped add_id) and may optionally remove it from tags_ai. Promotion is a signed lifecycle operation; never automatic.
A user can dismiss an AI tag — an OR-set remove on tags_ai keyed by the original add_id.

The same dual-namespace structure applies to any future ML-derived metadata field that overlays a user-editable one (face labels, location guesses, etc.). The owner doc for the model is AI/ML Integrations; the storage shape is owned here.

Geolocation

GPS is stored in the coordinate datum the source supplied, tagged by gps.datum — WGS-84 (the near-universal camera format, and the wire-absent default) or GCJ-02 (China’s legally mandated obfuscated datum, which user-entered coordinates from Chinese maps arrive in). The stored value is never converted at rest; conversion between datums for display or search happens deterministically and client-side (in capsule-core), with the lossy GCJ-02 → WGS-84 inverse marked approximate wherever it surfaces; those display-side conversions are unscheduled and are not part of S-A7/S-A8. Baidu’s BD-09 (a second obfuscation layer over GCJ-02) exists only at the input edge: it is folded to GCJ-02 on entry — via the error-bounded refined inverse, sub-meter — and never stored. Per-platform map-provider selection is a client/deployment concern, not part of this schema. Implementation is slice S-A7; the fold flip from the earlier refusal contract is S-A8.

Validation

The sidecar schema is the contract; validation focuses on serde determinism + CRDT correctness.

Canonical CBOR conformance (unit + cross-language). Encode a fixture sidecar (including a populated _unknown map); assert byte-identical output across runs, platforms, and every FFI consumer, matching the shared known-answer vectors for the canonical ruleset — key sort including _unknown, shortest-form integers, definite-length only. Re-decode; assert structural equality. This is a blocking conformance gate, not advisory.
Add-id counter durability (unit). Issue adds advancing the counter; drop the in-memory counter to simulate a restart/reinstall; reseed from the device’s existing sidecars; assert the next add_id.counter is strictly greater than every counter the device previously issued — never a reuse.
Schema versioning enforcement (unit). Construct a sidecar with sidecar_schema = N+1; load on a reader whose max_known = N; assert write-refusal. Construct with sidecar_schema = N; assert acceptance.
OR-set merge convergence (unit). Generate add/remove operations from N devices in random order; merge in every permutation; assert byte-identical final state across permutations.
Add-id rejection (unit). Issue a remove with an add_id never observed locally; assert rejection (not silent no-op).
LWW with superseded capture (unit). Two devices write captions within milliseconds; merge; assert the winner is the lexicographic-tiebreak chosen, and the loser appears in superseded_captions.
Privacy-on-export stripping (unit). Each row of the privacy table is a fixture test: assert the field is stripped by default, retained when opt-in is set, and that the local sidecar is unchanged either way.
Datum verbatim storage (unit). A GCJ-02 input round-trips unconverted with datum = gcj02; a BD-09 input asserts the fold to GCJ-02 within the documented sub-meter bound (and deterministically — same input, same output); a WGS-84 write asserts datum is wire-absent and the encoded sidecar is byte-identical to the pre-datum vector.
Local–server metadata equivalence (unit). Seal a sidecar into a metadata blob; assert that decrypting it is byte-identical to the signed sidecar and that the blob’s content hash equals the manifest’s metadata_blob_hash. Mutate the local sidecar by one byte; assert the round-trip check rejects it rather than persisting a divergent copy.
Concurrent-edit reconciliation (smoke). Two test clients edit the same album offline; merge over MLS; assert convergence with no manual conflict resolution needed.
Library-settings field-0 + refuse-by-default (unit). Construct a library-settings document with settings_schema = N+1; load on a max_known = N client; assert write-refusal; assert settings_schema decodes as CBOR field 0 before the rest of the map is parsed.
Library-settings OGK keying (unit). Seal the document under the owner’s OGK; assert every owner-set device decrypts it and an album co-member not in the owner set cannot; assert a member removed from the owner set cannot derive the post-removal ogk_version.
settings_doc_id derivation determinism (unit). Recompute settings_doc_id from the master key on a second device and after recovery; assert byte-identical, and that the derivation yields an identifier, never a usable key.
Library-settings wire-format + rewrite re-roll (unit). Assert the sealed document matches the standalone-AEAD wire format against the shared canonical-CBOR vectors; re-seal under the constant settings_doc_id and assert both derived key and nonce change and a reused nonce is refused.
Library-settings field-wise merge convergence (unit). Generate concurrent edits and delete-tombstones to smart_albums, scope_overrides, and aggregated_album_covers from N devices; merge in every permutation; assert byte-identical reconciled state.

Cross-module case: metadata edited on device A → synced via server → applied on device B with correct CRDT merge. Bounded E2E surface in Module Map.

Asset Organization — albums and stacks that consume the stack_membership field.
AI/ML Integrations — owner of the models behind tags_ai and the reserved AI-facet fields.
Thumbnails and Previews — owner of the LQIP scheme carried in the lqip field.